ေက်ာက္မီးေသြး အသံုးျပဳေသာ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ ျမန္မာ အဆင့္ ၈၀ သာရွိ

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ကမာၻေပၚမွာ သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္က်င္ ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး ကို အဓိကထားျပီး ေအာ္ဟစ္ေနတဲ့ႏိုင္ငံေတြဟာ ေက်ာက္ မီးေသြး အမ်ားဆံုးသံုးတဲ့ႏိုင္ငံေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။ အဲဒီအထဲမွာ ျမန္မာဟာ သံုးစြဲမႈ အဆင့္ (၈၀) သာရွိတဲ့ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးက လွ်ပ္စစ္ စြမ္းအင္ထုပ္လုပ္ရတာဟာ အင္မတန္လြယ္ကူျပီး စရိတ္သက္သာတဲ့အတြက္ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးကို အသံုးျပဳေနၾကတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ညဴကလီးယား ဓါတ္ေပါင္း ဖိုေတြကို သဘာ၀ညစ္ညမ္းတယ္ဆိုျပီး  ပိတ္ပစ္လိုက္ဖို႕လုပ္ေနတဲ့ဂ်ာမဏီႏိုင္ငံဟာ ကမာၻ႕အဆင့္ (၄) ရွိတဲ့ သံုးစြဲသူျဖစ္တာကို ေအာက္ေဖၚျပပါဇယားမွာ ေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ညဴဓါတ္ေပါင္းဖိုဆိုတာေတာ့ ေပါက္ကြဲရင္ တိုင္းျပည္ထဲမွာအဓိက ထိခိုက္ႏိုင္ေပမဲ့ ကာဗြန္ဓါတ္ေငြ႕ဆိုတာေတာ့ ေလထုထဲေရာက္သြားျပီး တစ္ကမာၻလံုးစုခံရမဲ့ သေဘာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

ျမန္မာ အတိုက္အခံမ်ားနဲ႕ သဘာ၀ ပတ္၀န္း က်င္၀ါဒီမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ အမ်ိဳးသားအက်ိဳးစီးပြားကို အဓိက ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားၾကဖို႕ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေအာက္ေဖၚျပပါ ဇယားမွာ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးမွလွ်ပ္စစ္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ ပမာ ဏကိုတင္ျပထားပါတယ္။

ထား၀ယ္ေဒသမွာ တည္ေဆာက္မဲ့ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးသံုး လွ်ပ္ရံုအား ဆန္႕က်င္ ကန္႕ကြက္မႈမ်ားကို အမ်ိဳးသား အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကို အဓိကထားျပီး ေသခ်ာစြာစဥ္းစားၾကဖို႕နဲ႕ ၊ ျပည္သူမ်ားနဲ႕ ပညာရွင္မ်ားမွ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးသံုးဓါတ္အားေပးစက္ရံုမ်ား တည္ေဆာက္မႈကို အမ်ိဳးသားအက်ိဳးစီး ပြားရႈေထာင့္ကပဲ စဥ္းစားၾကဖို႕ တိုက္တြန္းလိုပါတယ္။

ျမန္မာရဲ့ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးသံုးစြဲမႈဟာ အျခား ႏိုင္ငံၾကီးမ်ားနဲ႕ယွဥ္လိုက္ရင္ (၁%) ထက္ေတာင္နည္းေနပါ တယ္။ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးက လွ်ပ္စစ္ထုပ္လုပ္မႈသာ အခ်ိန္မွီ ကယ္တင္ႏိုင္မႈမရွိရင္ ျမန္မာျပည္ဟာ ေနာင္အႏွစ္ (၂၀) အတြင္း လွ်ပ္စစ္ ျပည့္၀စြာသံုးႏိုင္ဦးမယ္မဟုတ္ပါ။

ေကာင္းျမတ္သူ (မူ၀ါဒေရးရာဌာန)

 

 

COAL & ELECTRICITY

Total World Electricity Generation by Fuel (2006)

Source: IEA 2008
*Other includes solar, wind, combustible renewables, geothermal & waste

Modern life is unimaginable without electricity. It lights houses, buildings, streets, provides domestic and industrial heat, and powers most equipment used in homes, offices and machinery in factories. Improving access to electricity worldwide is critical to alleviating poverty.

Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide. Coal-fired power plants currently fuel 41% of global electricity. In some countries, coal fuels a higher percentage of electricity.

တစ္ႏိုင္ငံလံုး လွ်ပ္စစ္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈတြင္ ေက်ာက္မီးေသြးမွ လွ်ပ္စစ္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈပမာဏ

Coal in Electricity Generation
South Africa 93%	Poland 92%	PR China 79%
Australia 77%	Kazakhstan 70%	India 69%
Israel 63%	Czech Rep 60%	Morocco 55%
Greece 52%	USA 49%	Germany 46%

Source: IEA 2010

The importance of coal to electricity generation worldwide is set to continue, with coal fuelling 44% of global electricity in 2030.

How is Coal Converted to Electricity?

Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power stations to generate electricity.

Coal is first milled to a fine powder, which increases the surface area and allows it to burn more quickly. In these pulverised coal combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered coal is blown into the combustion chamber of a boiler where it is burnt at high temperature (see diagram below). The hot gases and heat energy produced converts water – in tubes lining the boiler – into steam.

The high pressure steam is passed into a turbine containing thousands of propeller-like blades. The steam pushes these blades causing the turbine shaft to rotate at high speed. A generator is mounted at one end of the turbine shaft and consists of carefully wound wire coils. Electricity is generated when these are rapidly rotated in a strong magnetic field. After passing through the turbine, the steam is condensed and returned to the boiler to be heated once again.

The electricity generated is transformed into the higher voltages (up to 400,000 volts) used for economic, efficient transmission via power line grids. When it nears the point of consumption, such as our homes, the electricity is transformed down to the safer 100-250 voltage systems used in the domestic market.

Efficiency Improvements

Improvements continue to be made in conventional PCC power station design and new combustion technologies are being developed. These allow more electricity to be produced from less coal - known as improving the thermal efficiency of the power station. Efficiency gains in electricity generation from coal-fired power stations will play a crucial part in reducing CO₂ emissions at a global level.

Efficiency improvements include the most cost-effective and shortest lead time actions for reducing emissions from coal-fired power generation. This is particularly the case in developing countries where existing power plant efficiencies are generally lower and coal use in electricity generation is increasing. Not only do higher efficiency coal-fired power plants emit less carbon dioxide per megawatt (MW), they are also more suited to retrofitting with CO₂ capture systems.

Improving the efficiency of pulverised coal-fired power plants has been the focus of considerable efforts by the coal industry. There is huge scope for achieving significant efficiency improvements as the existing fleet of power plants are replaced over the next 10-20 years with new, higher efficiency supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants and through the wider use of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems for power generation.

A one percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverised coal combustion plant results in a 2-3% reduction in CO₂ emissions

Coal Consumption by Country

Rank	Country	consumption (Million Short Tons)
1	China	3,474,665.00
2	United States	1,000,423.60
3	India	685,647.56
4	Germany	249,696.67
5	Russian Federation	222,630.52
6	South Africa	199,069.72
7	Japan	181,498.88
8	Australia	149,671.84
9	Poland	141,119.00
10	Korea, Republic Of	113,293.36
11	Turkey	102,527.08
12	Kazakhstan	87,355.97
13	Greece	71,083.65
14	Indonesia	71,071.52
15	Taiwan, Province Of China	66,239.85
16	Ukraine	63,991.38
17	Czech Republic	57,928.67
18	United Kingdom	53,826.97
19	Canada	51,910.05
20	Serbia	43,453.11
21	Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of	38,352.72
22	Romania	36,110.62
23	Thailand	35,605.87
24	Bulgaria	33,440.82
25	Brazil	25,364.18
26	Spain	23,384.43
27	Viet Nam	21,222.80
28	Italy	20,769.75
29	Mexico	19,890.11
30	France	16,759.54
31	Estonia	15,252.68
32	Israel	13,935.42
33	Hong Kong	13,593.03
34	Netherlands	13,315.92
35	Hungary	11,631.59
36	Philippines	10,357.32
37	Bosnia and Herzegovina	10,279.05
38	Slovakia	8,567.16
39	Pakistan	8,298.20
40	Denmark	7,500.13
41	Chile	7,378.87
42	Malaysia	7,338.32
43	Colombia	6,687.31
44	Finland	6,600.64
45	Mongolia	5,978.94
46	Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of	5,858.78
47	Slovenia	5,706.67
48	Belgium	5,703.36
49	Portugal	5,159.92
50	Austria	4,866.70
51	Morocco	4,067.53
52	Zimbabwe	3,956.20
53	Uzbekistan	3,853.68
54	New Zealand	3,621.09
55	Ireland	2,104.31
56	Sweden	1,864.01
57	Iran, Islamic Republic Of	1,747.16
58	Bangladesh	1,697.56
59	Puerto Rico	1,653.47
60	Peru	1,634.95
61	Montenegro	1,631.42
62	Kyrgyzstan	1,543.24
63	Argentina	1,443.53
64	Egypt	1,393.32
65	Croatia	1,209.24
66	Algeria	1,182.78
67	Botswana	1,145.30
68	Dominican Republic	940.01
69	Norway	917.12
70	Guatemala	651.47
71	Mauritius	540.13
72	Nepal	537.93
73	Namibia	455.25
74	Lao People's Democratic Republic	442.03
75	Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The	369.27
76	Swaziland	350.54
77	Venezuela	346.81
78	New Caledonia	330.69
79	Lithuania	329.15
80	Myanmar	321.87
81	Switzerland	267.86
82	Senegal	220.46
83	Niger	198.42
84	Zambia	185.19
85	Kenya	157.63
86	Honduras	145.51
87	Albania	142.20
88	Belarus	139.99
89	Latvia	137.79
90	Iceland	128.97
91	Costa Rica	123.00
92	Luxembourg	122.36
93	Lebanon	120.15
94	Tajikistan	115.74
95	Bhutan	90.39
96	Moldova, Republic Of	82.67
97	Tanzania, United Republic Of	74.96
98	Nicaragua	74.73
99	Malawi	71.65
100	Panama	69.03
101	Armenia	66.14
102	Georgia	62.83
103	Jamaica	56.60
104	Sri Lanka	46.30
105	Afghanistan	38.58
106	Cuba	34.88
107	Cyprus	31.97
108	Mozambique	25.35
109	Fiji	13.23
110	Madagascar	11.02
111	Nigeria	8.82
112	Singapore	6.61
113	Syrian Arab Republic	4.41
114	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	3.31
115	Uruguay	2.57
116	Malta	1.10
117	Paraguay	0.32